Business contracts:
Business contracts are written agreements spanning a broad range of the business relationships that occur in the life of a typical company.  They can include non-compete agreements, non-piracy agreements, non-disclosure agreements, restrictive covenants, employment agreements, producer agreements, sales representative agreements, consulting agreements, management agreements, franchise agreements, licensing agreements, deferred compensation agreements and independent contractor agreements.

Contracts are the very stuff upon which the marketplace is founded, and they provide the basis for a large share of business litigation.  The remedies for breach of contract include money damages and injunctive relief expressly directing one of the parties to perform a contractual obligation.  This remedy involves a form of injunction called a “specific performance” decree.  The remedy of specific performance is often called an “extraordinary” equitable remedy, in that courts will not grant specific performance except in a sharply limited number of circumstances.  Punitive damages are not an available remedy in a contract lawsuit.

Business and corporate services:
Business and corporate services involves advising companies and investors in the purchase, sale and mergers of businesses.  The services provided include forming and funding start-up companies, buying and selling practices, assets, divisions and companies, engaging in private stock offerings and re-sales, structuring venture capital financing, forming off-shore sales and sourcing entities, structuring commercial and partnering transactions and syndicating real property acquisitions.

Creditor representation:
I represent creditors with claims against companies in bankruptcy or who are defending preference or fraudulent transfer claims brought by trustees or bankrupt companies. I represent secured creditors and landlords seeking relief from the automatic stay to enforce security interests or eviction proceedings. I also represent creditors seeking to object to discharge or determine the non-dischargeability of debt.

Bankruptcy fraud:
Bankruptcy fraud is a business crime of filing for bankruptcy with criminal intent, that is with the intention of evading payment for goods even though the buyer has funds that could be used to pay for them, or accepting payment for goods or services but not supplying them. Common types of bankruptcy fraud include petition mills, false oath, concealment of assets, and fraudulent conveyance. Multiple filings are not per se fraudulent; as with all things in the law, it depends on the circumstances. Bankruptcy fraud should be distinguished from strategic bankruptcy, which is not a criminal act (but may prejudice a judge against the filer if there is evidence that bankruptcy is being used strategically).

Business litigation:
Business litigation is the area of law that provides assistance in the preparation and presentation of a lawsuit or other resort to the courts to determine a legal question or matter in business situations.  Business can be any activity or enterprise entered into for profit, usually a company, a corporation, partnership or any such formal organization.  Business lawyers advise and represent businesses and financial institutions in such areas as business torts, class actions, complex contracts, financial forensics, government investigations, international dispute resolution, professional relations, real estate disputes, securities and antitrust, technology and intellectual property, professional malpractice, shareholder and corporate governance and telecommunications.  Business lawyers place an emphasis on achieving or defending against pre-judgment remedies, including pre-judgment orders for writs of possession, attachments, temporary restraining orders, and injunctions, as well as arbitration or mediation settlements and monetary compensation resulting from lawsuits.  Transactional business lawyers represent clients in matters relating to, but not limited to, organizational, operational and contractual documents for corporations, partnerships and limited liability companies, commercial transactions, mergers, real estate acquisitions, leasing and development and commercial financing.

Mergers and acquisitions:
The phrase "Mergers and Acquisitions" refers to corporate finance strategy and management dealing with the merging and acquiring of different companies as well as other assets.  Usually mergers occur in a friendly setting where executives from the respective companies participate in a due diligence process to ensure a successful combination of all parts.  Corporate mergers are often aimed at reducing market competition.  On other occasions, acquisitions can occur through hostile takeover by a "corporate raider" purchasing the majority of outstanding shares of a company in the open market.  In the United States, business laws vary from state to state whereby some companies have limited protection against hostile takeovers.

Technically, what differentiates a merger from an acquisition is how it is financed.  Simply put, a merger is a combination of two companies into one larger company.  A "merger" or "merger of equals" is often financed by an all-stock deal (a stock swap).  An all-stock deal occurs when all of the owners of stocks of either company get the same amount of stock in the new combined company.  The term "demerger" is sometimes used to indicate the effective opposite of a merger, where one company splits into two, the second often being a separately listed stock company if the parent was a stock company.  An acquisition (a larger company buying out a smaller company) can involve a cash and debt combination, or just cash, or a combination of cash and stock of the purchasing entity, or just stock.  In addition, the acquisition can take the form of a purchase of the stock or other equity interests of the target entity, or the acquisition of all or substantially all of its assets.

Franchises and other types of business marketing:
A great many small businesses in the marketplace today are operated not as purely independent businesses, but as franchises, distributorships, or any of various types of licensing arrangements.  All of these businesses are created through written agreements containing express and implied warranties, and it is not uncommon for issues to arise resulting in litigation.

Government regulation:
Businesses often find themselves at odds with one governmental agency or another, whether it be the local zoning commission, the federal Environmental Protection Agency, the Federal Trade Commission, or any one of several hundred other federal, state and local agencies.  Conflicts with governmental agencies are usually covered under state and federal statutes, and also under state and federal regulations and local ordinances.  As a general rule such conflicts are litigated before administrative tribunals under administrative law.  This usually imposes fewer formal requirements on the parties and produces a quicker result, but sometimes it does so at the expense of someone’s rights.  If you feel that your rights have been violated in an administrative hearing that has gone against you, the judicial system will consider an application for relief, based upon allegations that there was an abuse of discretion in the holding against you.

Defamation:
Defamation is the communication of a false and unprivileged statement that exposes another to hatred, contempt, or ridicule, or which causes him or her to be shunned or avoided, or which has a tendency to injure him or her in his or her trade or occupation.  The defamatory statement must be communicated to someone other than the person to whom it refers, and it must refer to a living person.  Defamation communicated verbally it is called Slander, but if it is communicated in writing, it is called Libel.  Most defamation litigation in the business arena concerns the employer’s “qualified privilege” to defame.  Under this concept, employers and former employers are often protected from liability for defaming employees or former employers.  By its very definition, however, the privilege is “qualified,” and not absolute.  It is generally limited to situations in which the employer or former employer is making a good faith communication of information to someone who has a legitimate interest in receiving it.

Breach of fiduciary duty:
The formation of a "fiduciary relationship" begins when someone places special confidence and trust in another who has substantially superior knowledge and training, and also relies on that person to act in his or her best interest.  If this trust is knowingly and voluntarily accepted, a “fiduciary” relationship is said to exist.  This places a legal duty on the stronger of the two to act diligently in the best interest of the weaker party and never, under any circumstances to secure any advantage at the weaker party’s expense.  There are a limited number of circumstances in business transactions where a fiduciary relationship comes into play.  Courts tend to rigorously enforce fiduciary duties, and in the event of a willful breach often award punitive damages as well as compensatory damages.  Some common examples of fiduciary relationships are a trustee-beneficiary relationship, a doctor-patient relationship, a lawyer-client relationship and a corporate officer-stockholder relationship.

Licensing and commercial contracts:
Business services attorneys counsel clients in a wide range of commercial and intellectual property (IP) transactions.  They provide assistance in structuring, drafting, reviewing and negotiating commercial and IP agreements related to the development, acquisition and commercialization of technology, IP, goods or services.  The types of agreements involved in these transactions include:

• Software license, maintenance and support, source code escrow, end user license, patent and other technology license agreements
• Development agreements
• Purchase and supply agreements
• Manufacturing agreements
• Distribution, reseller, value-added reseller (VAR) and original equipment manufacturer (OEM) agreements
• Referral, marketing agreements
• Employment, consulting, technical services and outsourcing agreements
• Joint venture, strategic partner, technology transfer agreements
• E-commerce and Internet-related agreements (including web-based hosting agreements, application service provider (ASP) agreements, web site development, privacy policies and website terms of use)
• Non-disclosure agreements

Sales commission disputes:
In avoiding sales commission litigation there is no substitute for an artfully drafted agreement spelling out precisely how and at what rate sales representatives are to receive commissions.  Common usage and custom are also taken into consideration by courts in determining the issues, even where there is a written agreement.

Trade secrets:
A trade secret is any information that can be used in the operation of a business or other enterprise and that is sufficiently valuable and secret to afford an actual or potential economic advantage over others.  Trade secret difficulties can be eliminated or, at least, minimized by effective legal language in employment and/or severance agreements, but situations will still arise from time to time where litigation presents the only viable solution.

Alternative dispute resolution:
Business disputes can be resolved traditionally, by way of litigation.  This involves the filing of a lawsuit in court that is then answered by the defendant.  Over a period of months and sometimes even years, a lawsuit makes its way through the system, ultimately to be decided by a judge sitting alone, or by a jury, presided over by a judge.  It is an expensive, tedious and time-consuming process.  The modern trend in the economic world is away from the courthouse in favor of one or the other of two less formal, less expensive, faster and more efficient methods of conflict resolution, called "mediation" and "arbitration".

Arbitration:
Arbitration is a method of Alternative Dispute Resolution. In this process, the parties jointly select a lawyer to act as arbitrator. The idea is to choose someone with an outstanding reputation for personal and professional integrity, with heavy litigation experience involving cases similar to the one in which the parties are currently involved. The parties may select either "binding" or "non-binding" arbitration. Some lawyers discourage their clients from participating in "non-binding" arbitration, seeing futility in the expense and inconvenience of a process that may prove a waste of time. Other attorneys discourage their clients from participating in "binding" arbitration, so that their options are preserved in the event of an unreasonable adverse ruling by the arbitrator.

Arbitration is more like a trial than is Mediation. For one thing, in binding arbitration the arbitrator's decision is virtually the same as a judgment. In both types, however, the arbitrator actually renders a decision, as opposed to simply making a recommendation. Each side submits an arbitration brief, containing a summary of relevant facts, a list of the legal issues thought relevant, and reference to the applicable law.  There is a hearing in the nature of a trial, but much less formal. It is usually held at the arbitrator's office. Sworn testimony may be offered, subject to cross-examination. The attorneys usually join in a stipulation agreeing that certain specified facts are not in dispute.

The rules of evidence are less rigorously applied in arbitration hearings than in trials. Sometimes the arbitrator announces a decision at the end of the hearing, but more often, the case is taken under submission by the arbitrator, the decision being communicated by letter to both sides within a week or two. The arbitration process takes a lot of pressure off the court system, and it has proven itself as an effective alternative method for the resolution of disputes.

If you or someone you know in Southern California needs the assistance of an experienced West Los Angeles Business Attorney, call Harold Klaskin today at 866-711-1872, or complete the contact form provided on this site to schedule your free consultation.

• University of West Los Angeles, Juris Doctor, 1992
• Gemological Institute of America, Graduate Gemologist, Certified Diamond and Colored Stone Expert, 1984

• California

• Member, Commercial Bar (National Organization of Collection Attorneys)